高考英语语法：定语从句

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

1. who可引导定语从句,指人,在从句中作主语(在非正式英语中亦可作宾语)。

The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。

The man who telephoned was a friend of yours. 打电话的人是你的一位朋友。

He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好。

There is a lady who wants to see you. 有一位女士要见你。

2. whom可引导定语从句,指人,在从句中作宾语,可省略。

The girl with whom he had been living for two years suddenly packed her bags and left. 这姑娘和他同居了两年,突然收拾起行李走掉了。

The police have pulled in a half dozen people whom they suspect. 警方已逮捕6个他们怀疑的人。

That's the girl (whom) I teach. 那就是我教的女孩。

The person (whom) you wish to see has come. 你希望见到的人已经来了。

3. whose可引导定语从句,通常指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。

He is a shallow thinker whose opinions aren't worth much. 他看问题很浅薄,他的意见没有多大价值。

The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period. 这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风格拘谨刻板。

Nobody is going to buy a house whose front door opens onto a gas works. 没有谁会买一栋前门对着煤气厂的房子。

I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。

4. which可引导定语从句,指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,常可省略。

This is the room which is kept for the reception of visitors. 这是专供接待来访者用的房间。

There is a special parasite which gives rise to the itch. 有一种特别的寄生虫会导致皮炎。

Lally was right about the repairs which the cottage needed. 拉莉关于农舍需要如何修理的意见是正确的。

5. that可引导定语从句,可指事物,也可指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,常可省略。

She is one of the students that work very hard. 她是特别用功的学生之一。

Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗?

I like those cookies that are coated with chocolate spread. 我喜欢那些裹巧克力酱的甜饼。

The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 我昨天收到的他那封来信很重要。

Here is the car that I had told you about. 这就是我和你谈过的那辆汽车。

6. as也可用作关系代词,既可以单独引出定语从句,又可与主句中的the same或such相呼应,从句中谓语动词常省略。

The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对这个事先已经同意的决定都满意。

He is not the same boy as he was. 他和从前不一样了。

Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她对他的态度同她一贯的态度完全一样。

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when可引导定语从句,表示时间,其先行词往往是表示时间的名词。

There were long periods when we had no news of him. 我们曾好长时间没有他的消息。

Jenney dreams of the day when she will be playing the piano for a living. 珍妮梦想着有朝一日能以演奏钢琴为生。

This is the hour when the place is full of people. 这种时候这地方到处都是人。

2. where可引导定语从句,表示地点,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词。

Returning to a city where one used to live can be a saddening experience. 重归故地有时会给人带来几许惆怅。

I went off in search of a garage where I could buy some petrol. 我跑去寻找加油站买汽油。

The tourists sought out a shady spot where they sat down and rested. 旅游者找到一块阴凉的地方坐下休息。

3. why可引导定语从句,表示原因,常用在先行词reason后面。

The reason why she didn't get the job was that her English was not very good.她没得到这个工作的原因是她的英语不是很好。

The reason why he is late is that his car went wrong. 他迟到的原因是他的汽车坏了。

That is the reason why we must go now. 这就是我们现在必须走的理由。

This is one of the basic reasons why some of our work can't be done well. 这是我们有些工作做不好的一个基本原因。

4. how可引导定语从句,表示方法,常用在先行词way后面。

This is the way how he always treats me. 他一贯就是这样对待我的。

That's the way how I learn English. 那就是我学英语的方法。

三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1. 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的修饰成分,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,与主句之间不能用逗号分开。

We have worked out a scheme which should save the company several thousand pounds a year. 我们设计出一个一年可为公司节省几千英镑的计划。

The custom dates from the times when men wore swords. 该习俗始于人类佩带刀剑的时代。

2. 非限制性定语从句与主句关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,一般不用that引导。

The patient,who had been asleep for nearly three hours,began to move his limbs. 病人睡了将近3小时才开始动一动胳膊和腿。

This could be the winning game for the challenger,who only needs two more points for the championship. 这场比赛可能是挑战者获胜,他只要再得两分就得冠军了。

Watch for our new improved product,which will be on the market next week!等着看我们新改进的产品吧,它们将于下星期开始在市场上出售。

The journey,which I remember well,was very pleasant. 我清楚地记得那次旅行很愉快。

She was shown into a small room,where there was a dying man. 她被领进了一间小屋,那里有一个垂死的人。

四、定语从句关系代词that与which的区别

1. that和which一般可换用。

This is the book which/that you asked for.这是你要的书。

2. 当先行词为不定代词, 如：

anything, nothing, everything, all, any, little, few, none, much, one等时用that。

Don't do anything that is beneath you. 不要做有损身价的事。

There is nothing that doesn't contain contradiction. 没有什么事物是不包含矛盾的。

Don't believe everything that he tells you. 他给你讲的不要事事都相信。

3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用that。

The third tree that I planted was cut down by someone again. 我种下的第三棵树又被人砍倒了。

He gives the driest speech that I have ever listened to. 他的讲话是我所听过的最枯燥的。

The worst matter that I am afraid of happened in the end. 我担心的最糟的事情终于发生了。

The first thing that I want to do now is to have a drink. 我现在想做的第一件事就是喝点酒。

It was the largest map that I ever saw.那是我所看见过的最大的地图。

4. 当先行词被all,any,every,each,few,no,some等词修饰时,关系代词用that。

They pushed open all the windows that remained closed for a whole month. 他们把整整关了一个月的窗子都推开了。

All the presents that your friends give you on your birthday should be put away. 你生日那天你的朋友送给你的礼物都必须收好。

I have some things that I must do today. 我有一些今天必须做的工作。

Would you please correct any wrong spellings that you find? 请改正你发现的拼写错误,好吗？

There is every chance that she will succeed.她完全有机会取得成功。

I have no money that I can spare.我没有多余的钱。

He quickly knocked out the few things that had to be looked after before leaving. 他迅速办好了几件动身前必须料理的事情。

5. 当先行词被the very,the only,the same,the last修饰时,关系代词用that。

This is the very book that I have been looking for. 这是我一直寻找的那本书。

She is the very person that I wanted to see. 她正是我要见的人。

He was the only person that could rule over the tribes. 他是唯一能统治那些部族的人。

He is the only one of us that knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。

That's the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 这个人与前天求援的是同一个人。

It is the same song that I heard yesterday afternoon. 这就是我昨天下午听的那首歌。

He is the last man that I want. 他是我最不想见的人。

She was the last person that came back. 她是最后一个回来的人。

6. 当先行词中既有人又有物时,关系代词用that。

He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 他望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。

We talked about the persons and things that we remembered in school. 我们谈到了我们还记得的学校中的人和事。

7. 当主句是由who或which开头的疑问句时,关系代词用that。

Which of the books that you bought yesterday was written by Bacon? 你昨天买的哪本书是培根写的？

8. 引导非限制性定语从句用which,不用that。

He proudly pointed out the biggest sheep,which already weighed 150 kilograms. 他骄傲地把最大的一只羊指给我们看,它已经有150千克重了。

The women never drink in this manner,which is absolutely special to men. 妇女从来不用这种方式喝酒,这完完全全是男人喝酒的方式。

Glass,which breaks at a blow,is,nevertheless,capable of withstanding great pressure. 玻璃尽管一击就碎,却能承受很大的压力。

9. 介词之后须用which。

I dislike the school to which he belongs. 我不喜欢他所在的那所学校。

If you run back over the season, you can't pick out a game in which he played badly.如果你回顾一下那个赛季,你找不出他哪一场打得不好。

This is the point,from which all distances are measured.从这一点开始来测量各个方向的距离。

10. 当先行词为something时,关系代词可用that,也可用which。

Painting is something that I really enjoy doing. 绘画才是我真正喜欢做的事。

We may eventually become members of the club, but this is not something that should be rushed into. 我们最终会成为俱乐部成员的,但不能草率行事。

Freedom is something which is won,not granted. 自由是争取来的,不是别人赏赐的。

I've just struck on something which might be of use to us. 我刚才想到一个办法可能会对我们有用。

五、as，which 非限定性定语从句

由as，which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know，smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.

六、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

1. 直接位于介词之后的关系代词只能是which或whom，构成介词+which（指物）；介词+whom（指人）两种结构。例如：

The man to whom you talst now is a famous runner.

The service about which the students complain a lot should be improved.

He is a library assistant from whom I borrowed some books.

It is a famous school from which he graduated 3 years ago.

The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood.

2. 直接位于介词后面的关系代词不能省略，但如果将介词移于句子末尾而不位于关系代词之前时，可省。例如：

The man (who/that/whom) you talst now is a famous runner.

The service (which/that) the students complain about a lot should be improved.

He is a library assistant (whom/that/who) I borrowed some books from.

It is a famous school (which/that) he graduated from 3 years ago.

The chair (which/that) he is sitting on now is made of wood.

2. 关系副词when, where, why 可以相应地转化为：介词+which结构。例如：

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

=This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

=Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

I don’t know the reason why he said so.

=I don’t know the reason for which he said so.

4. 有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前。例如：

He is the student (who/whom/that) the teachers are looking for.

The number of the children (who/whom/that) she takes care of is 30.

5. 注意复杂介词短语+which或whom引导的定语从句，是高考考查热点。例如：

They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of which many strange birds were seen.

Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, in front of whom sit three students.

6. 不定代词+of+ which/ whom 引导的定语从句可化为of+ which/ whom+ 不定代词 结构；这也是高考常考点。

七、关系词的选择

1. 只用that不用which

1）当先行词是或被序数词，最高级，不定代词修饰时，关系词用that不用which。

2）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that。

3）当先行词带有the only,the very,the same,the last,the one等词时，用that不用which。

4）当主句中有who或which时，为避免重复用that。

2. 只用who不用that

1）如果先行词是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one时用who不用that。

2）当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语从句或在被分割的定语从句中时。

3. 只用which不用that

1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用which。This the one of which I'm speaking。

2）非限定性定语从句，用which。

3) 描述句中一般用which。Beijing，which was China's capital for more than 800years。

4）those +复数名词之后，多用which. Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best。

5）先行词本身是that时。

八、定语从句中的省略

1. 在限制性定语从句中起宾语作用的关系代词可以省略。

He is one of the men (whom) I can trust. 他是我可以信赖的人之一。

Have you found the bag (which) you lost yesterday? 你找到昨天丢的钱包了吗?

This is the very pen (that) I lent to Jack. 这正是我借给杰克的那支钢笔。

2. 在限制性定语从句中起表语作用的关系代词可以省略。

Jack still talks like the man (who) he was twenty years ago. 杰克谈话还像20年前一样。

3. 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语且定语从句为“There be”句型时可以省略。

Milk is the best food (that) there is for babies. 牛奶是婴儿最好的食物。

We must make better use of the time (that) there is left for us. 我们必须更好地利用剩下的时间。

4. 当主句是由it is,that is,there is开头时,定语从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。

It isn't everybody (who) can do this well. 并非每个人都能把这件事做好。

That is the man (who) wanted to see you a moment ago. 这就是刚才要见你的人。

There is somebody (that) wants to see you. 有人要见你。

5. 修饰way和reason的关系副词how和why可以省略。

This is the way (how) he did his work. 这就是他工作的方法。

The reason(why) he doesn't come is that he is ill. 他没有来的原因是他病了。