高考英语语法：直接引语和间接引语

引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。

一、直接引语与间接引语时态变化

1. 主句谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时,从句谓语动词不变。

Williams says,“I am your friend.”威廉斯说：“我是你的朋友。”(直接引语)

Williams says he is my friend.威廉斯说他是我的朋友。(间接引语)

Jacelin will say,“The boy was lazy.”杰斯林会说:“那男孩过去懒惰。”(直接引语)

Jacelin will tell you that the boy was lazy.杰斯林将会告诉你那男孩过去懒惰。(间接引语)

2. 主句谓语动词为一般过去时时,从句谓语动词要作如下变化：

一般现在时 → 一般过去时

一般过去时 →(多变为)过去完成时

一般将来时 → 过去将来时

现在进行时 → 过去进行时

现在完成时 → 过去完成时

过去完成时 → 过去完成时(不变)

现在完成进行时 → 过去完成进行时

She said,“I like Chinese very much.”她说：“我非常喜欢中文。”

She said that she liked Chinese very much.她说她非常喜欢中文。

He said,“I bought a new watch.”他说：“我买了一块新手表。”

He said he had bought a new watch.他说他买了一块新手表。

Jane said,“Our train will arrive in five minutes.”简说：“我们坐的火车5分钟后即可到达。”

Jane said that the train would arrive in five minutes.简说他们坐的火车5分钟后即可到达。

He said,“I'm watching TV.”他说：“我在看电视。”

He said that he was watching TV.他说他在看电视。

Joan said,“I have found the watch.”琼说：“我找到手表了。”

Joan said that she had found the watch.琼说她找到手表了。

She said,“I had finished it before noon.”她说：“我在中午之前就完成了。”

She said she had finished it before noon.她说她在中午之前就完成了。

He said,“I've been writing letters all the morning.”他说：“我写了一上午信。”

He said that he had been writing letters all the morning.他说他写了一上午信。

3. 直接引语中的谓语动词为一般过去时,如与一个具体的表示过去的时间(如in 2002,last week等)连用,在变为间接引语时可以不变。

My father said to me,“I went to the Great Wall in 1996.”我父亲对我说：“我1996年去过长城。”(直接引语)

My father told me he went to the Great Wall in 1996.我父亲告诉我他1996年去过长城。(间接引语)

4. 直接引语表达的意思是客观真理时,在变为间接引语时时态可不变。

The geography teacher said to us,“The earth is oblate.”地理老师对我们说：“地球是扁平的。”(直接引语)

The geography teacher told us that the earth is oblate.地理老师告诉我们地球是扁平的。(间接引语)

5. 直接引语中所包含的时间状语从句,其时态可以不变。

They said,“We have been working on it ever since we came back.”他们说：“自从我们回来就一直在做这件事。”(直接引语)

They said they had been working on it ever since they came back.他们说自从他们回来就一直在做这件事。(间接引语)

二、直接引语变成间接引语时代词与动词的变化

1. 直接引语变成间接引语时,人称代词要根据转述人的立场作相应的变化。

The student said to the teacher,“I have left my homework at home.”学生对老师说：“我把家庭作业落在家里了。”(直接引语)

The student told the teacher that he had left his homework at home.学生对老师说他把他的家庭作业落在家里了。(间接引语)

2. 直接引语变成间接引语时,指示代词的变化是：this→that

these→those

She said,“Joe is coming this week.”她说：“乔这个星期来。”(直接引语)

She said that Joe was going that week.她说乔那个星期去。(间接引语)

He said,“These balls are mine.”他说：“这些球是我的。”(直接引语)

He said those balls were his.他说那些球是他的。(间接引语)

2. 直接引语变成间接引语时,动词也须根据情况作相应变化,如come变为go。如果在当地转述,come可不变。

三、直接引语变成间接引语时状语的变化

1. 直接引语变成间接引语时,时间状语的变化是：

now→then

ago→before

today→that day

this morning→that morning

yesterday→the day before

tomorrow→the next day,the following day,the day after

last week/month→the week/month before

next week/month→the week/month after,the following week/month

如果在当天转述,时态不变,yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语不变；如果从句的事仍发生在当周/月/年,next week/month/year不变。

2. 直接引语变成间接引语时,地点状语的变化是：

here→there

如果在当地转述,here不变。

四、直接引语是陈述句与祈使句时的变化

1. 直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中常省略),从句的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。

Jenney said,“I'm afraid I can't pass this examination.”珍妮说：“我担心我不能通过这次考试。”(直接引语)

Jenney said that she was afraid she couldn't pass that examination.珍妮说她担心她不能通过那次考试。(间接引语)

2. 转述祈使句时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的动词不定式,并在动词不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell,ask,order等动词,如果祈使句为否定式,在动词不定式的前面加not。

The doctor said to her,“Please don't smoke again.”医生对她说：“不要再吸烟了。”(直接引语)

The doctor told her not to smoke again.医生告诉她不要再吸烟了。(间接引语)

She said,“Please come here again tomorrow.”她说：“请明天再来这里。”(直接引语)

She asked me to go there again the next day.她要我第二天再去那里。(间接引语)

五、直接引语是疑问句时的变化

1. 直接引语如果是疑问句,变为间接引语时,要把疑问句语序变为陈述句语序(主语在谓语的前面),句末用句号,主语的人称、时态和状语等也要作相应的变化。

直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,要用连词whether或if引导,主句中的谓语动词是said时,要改为asked,没有间接宾语的,可以加一个间接宾语(me,him或us等)。

He asked me,“Do you see the film last night?”他问我：“昨天晚上你看电影了吗？”(直接引语)

He asked me whether I had saw the film the night before.他问我头天晚上是否已经看了这部电影。(间接引语)

“Do you think Tom can go home on time?”(he/she)“你认为汤姆能按时回家吗？”(直接引语)

He asked her if she thought Tom could go home on time.他问她她是否认为汤姆能按时回家。(间接引语)

2. 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词引导。

 “Who is here?”(she/he)“谁在这儿？”(直接引语)

She asked him who was there.她问他谁在那儿。(间接引语)

“When do you harvest the wheat?”(They asked him...)“你什么时候收割麦子？”(直接引语)

They asked him when he harvested the wheat.他们问他他什么时候收割麦子。(间接引语)

六、直接引语是感叹句时的变化

直接引语是感叹句,变为间接引语时仍可用what或how引导,词序不变；也可用that引导,将感叹句变成相应的名词从句。

They said,“What a clever boy he is!”他们说：“他是个多么聪明的男孩啊!”(直接引语)

They said what a clever boy he was.他们说他是个多么聪明的男孩啊。(间接引语)

They said that he was a clever boy.他们说他是一个聪明的男孩。(间接引语)