高中英语语法：虚拟语气

在英语中，谓语动词的语气是用来表示说话人对所讲内容的态度、看法以及心情等。英语中谓语动词的语气有三种：A）陈述语气 B) 祁使语气 C) 虚拟语气。

虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood）用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

1. 真实条件句

真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。例如：

If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。

典型例题

The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.　

A. will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained

答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：

1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.

（错）If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

（对）If you leave now, you will never regret it.

2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will）+ 动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

2. 非真实条件句

虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。

1) 表示与现在事实相反的假设

条件从句：动词过去式（be 用 were）

主句：would（should，could，might）+ 动词原形

例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。

2) 表示与过去事实相反的假设

条件从句：had + 过去分词

主句：should（would，could, might）+ have + 过去分词

例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。

3) 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想

条件从句：动词过去式（should+动词原形，were to + 动词原形）

主句：should（would，could，might）+ 动词原形 

例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

3. 混合条件句

有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today（现在）. 如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。

4. 虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：

Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。

Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。

5. 特殊的虚拟语气词should

1）在主语从句中的应用

主语从句（常用形式主语 it 来代替，结构为 It is that…）中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的形容词和过去分词，其形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。常这样用的形容词有：appropriate，advisable，better，desirable，essential，imperative，important，insistent，natural，necessary，preferable，strange，urgent，vital等。过去分词有：desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等。

例如：

It is essential that you (should) win the voters’ hearts.

It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.

2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：

I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。

He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。

注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

判断改错：

（错）You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.

（对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

（错）I insisted that you（should）be wrong.

（对）I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：

My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。

I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。

6. wish的用法

1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

a. 从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were）

主句：现在时

从句：过去时

b. 从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）

主句：过去时

从句：过去完成时

c. 将来不大可能实现的愿望

主句：将来时

从句：would/could +动词原形

例如：

I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。

He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。

例如：

I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。

I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。

7. 比较if only与only if

only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。

If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。

8. It is（high）time that

It is（high）time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：

It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

9. need "不必做"和"本不必做"

1) didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。

2) needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。

例如：

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。（Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）

典型例题：

There was plenty of time. She ___.

A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried

答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。