1. 连词的功能
用来连接词,短语,从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。
2. 并列连词
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词,短语或句子。常见的并列连词有:
(1) 表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2) 表选择关系的or, either…or等。
(3) 表转折关系的but, while等。
(4) 表因果关系的for, so等。
3. 从属连词
从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有:
(1) 引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。
(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。
(3) 引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。
(4) 引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。
(5) 引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6) 引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7) 引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。
(8) 引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
4. 常用连词的用法辨析
(1)while, when, as
这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句,但用法有所不同。
1) 当某事正在进行的时候,又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如:
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.我沿着街道走时,注意到一辆警车。
2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候,最常用的是while。例如:
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.当母亲做午饭时,我正在做作业。
3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时,最常用的是as。例如:
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.随着孩子的长大,他们越来越多对周围的事情感兴趣。
4) 当两个短动作同时发生时,或表示“一边…一边…”时,最常用as。例如:
She looked behind from time to time as she went.她边走边不时地朝后面看。
5) 当从句的动作先于主句的动作时,通常用when。例如:
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.当他完成工作后,他进行了短暂的休息。
6) 当从句是瞬间动作,主句是延续性动作时,通常用when。例如:
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.当约翰到达时,我正在做饭。
(2)as, because, since , for
这四个词都可表原因,但用法有区别。
1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如:
I stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨,所以我呆在家里。
---Why aren’t you going? 为什么你不走?
---Because I don’t want to.因为我不想去。
2) 如果原因已被人们所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如:
As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.由于他没有准备,我们没有带他。
Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.既然我没有钱,我不能卖任何食物。
3) for用来补充说明一种理由,因此,for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如:
I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.我决定停下来,吃午饭。因我感觉很饿。
(3)if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”讲,在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如:
I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.我想知道你是否还在那所学校学习。
I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.我不知道他是否喜欢这部电影。
在下列情况下,只能用whether,不能用if:
1) 引导主语从句时。例如:
Whether he will come to the party is unknown. 他是否来参加聚会还不知道。
2) 引导表语从句时。例如:
The question is whether I can pass the exam.问题是我能否通过考试。
3) 在不定式前。例如:
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.我还没有决定是否去哪儿。
(4)so…that, such...that
1) so…that中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词,而such...that中的such是个形容词,后接名词或名词短语。例如:
I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.我很累,因此不想再走了。
It was such a hot day that he went swimming.如此热的天气,以至于他去游泳。
2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时,用so,不用such。例如:
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.他受到得教育很少以致于他找不到工作。
(5)either…or…, neither…nor, not only…but also…
这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如:
Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.不但他不喜欢而且他的孩子也不喜欢鱼。
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.不但老师而且学生想买这本书。
(6)although, but
这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说“Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”这个句子应改为:Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.尽管他已是六十多岁,但他和其他工作一样努力。
(7)because, so
这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说“Because John
was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 这个句子应改为Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor. 因为约翰病了,所以我带他看医生。
(8)till/until与not…till/until的区别
前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如:
I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作一直进行到你return)
They won’t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.(他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的)
另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. 如:
Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.(我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟)
Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)
(9)though与although的区别
两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though; though“虽然、尽管、即使”,还可以与even连用(=even if),表示“即使、纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。如:
He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.(尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试)
she won’t leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.(她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭)
It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心)
(10)prefer to…rather than…与prefer…to…的区别
prefer to…rather than…后面都是用动词原形,prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。如:
I prefer English to Japanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢英语)
I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. (与日语相比我更喜欢学英语)
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