英语基础语法：状语从句

状语从句‌是指在复合句中充当状语成分的句子，它由从属连词引导，可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。‌

一、时间状语从句

常用引导词：when（在…时）, as（当…时）, while（在…期间）, before（在…之前）, after（在...之后）, since（自从...以来） , not...until（直到…才）until/till(直到…时）等。

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant（ 瞬间，顷刻）, immediately , directly（不久，立即）, no sooner … than（一...就...）, hardly …when（刚一...就...） , scarcely … when（刚...就.../一...就...）,as soon as(一…就…)。

当用no sooner … than，hardly …when，scarcely … when作为引导词的时候，从句要部分倒装。

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

直到我成为了一个成年人我才意识到我的母亲是多么的特殊。

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

当约翰看电视时，他的妻子正在做饭。

The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard.

孩子们一看到守卫就逃出了果园。

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

我一到家就开始下雨了。

二 、地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever 引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.

我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

三 、方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由 as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though 引导。

1）as, (just) as…so… 引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在 (just) as…so… 结构中位于句首，这时 as 从句带有比喻的含义，意思是 " 正如 …" ， " 就像 " ，多用于正式文体，例如：

Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.

我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2）as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作 " 仿佛 …… 似的 " ， " 好像 …… 似的 " ，例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

说明：as if / as though 也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

四 、原因状语从句

比较：because, since, as 和 for

1）because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答 why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用 as 或 since 。

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2）由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for 。

He is absent today, because / for he is ill.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

五、目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由 that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case 等词引导，例如：

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.

He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

六 、结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由 so… that 或 such…that 引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解 so 和 such 与其后的词的搭配规律。

比较：so 和 such

其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定。 such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组， so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many, few, much, little 连用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers

so much / little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

（so many 已成固定搭配， a lot of 虽相当于 many ，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用 such 搭配。）

so…that 与 such…that 之间的转换既为 so 与 such 之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

七 、条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。 .

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

unless = if not.

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

典型例题

You will be late ___ you leave immediately.

A. unless B. until C. if D. or

答案 A 。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B 、 D 句意不对， or 表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.

八、让步状语从句

though, although

注意：当有 though, although 时，后面的从句不能有 but ，但是 though 和 yet 可连用

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.

虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard.

虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.

伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）

典型例题

1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless

答案： C 。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。

2) as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

注意：

a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

= Though he tries hard, he never seems…

虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3) ever if, even though. 　即使

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

4) whether…or- 不管 …… 都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5) "no matter + 疑问词 " 或 " 疑问词 + 后缀 ever"

No matter what happened, he would not mind.

Whatever happened, he would not mind.

替换： no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意： no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

（错） No matter what you say is of no use now.

（对） Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。 (Whatever you say 是主语从句 )

（错） Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

（对） Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。