高考英语语法：虚拟语气

虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气的概念与形式

（一）虚拟语气的概念

1. 陈述语气,表示所说的话是事实。

France lies in the west of Europe.法国位于欧洲的西边。

2. 祈使语气,表示所说的话是请求或命令。

Make yourself at home.请随便,不要客气。(表请求)

Don't open the door.不要开门。(表命令)

3. 虚拟语气,表示所说的话只是一种主观愿望、假想或建议等。

Parents only wish their children could succeed.父母希望孩子们能成功。(表愿望)

If there were no gravity,we should not be able to walk.假若没有引力,我们就不能行走。(表假想)

Our teacher suggests that we should read that book.老师建议我们读那本书。(表建议)

（二）虚拟语气的形式

1. 动词原形,用于一切人称和数。

Long live for the people!人民万岁!/If that be so,we shall take action at once.如果情况是那样,我们就立刻采取行动。

2. 动词的过去式,用于一切人称和数,be的过去式用were。

If I were you,I wouldn't say that.如果我是你,我就不会说那样的话。

If I were in your shoes,I'd accept the terms.假如我处在你的地位,我就会接受这些条件。

3. “had+过去分词”用于一切人称和数。

If we had left earlier,we wouldn't have missed the train.假如我们早点动身的话,我们是不会错过火车的。

4. “should+动词原形”用于一切人称和数。

They suggested that we should meet at the station.他们建议我们在车站会面。

5. “should+have+过去分词”用于一切人称和数。

It is strange that she should have done it.真奇怪,她竟会干出这种事来。

6. “should+动词原形”用于第一人称。/“would+动词原形”用于第二、三人称。

If I were you,I should take his advice.我如果是你,就会听他的忠告。

Tom said he would stay home if I went.汤姆说如果我去他就呆在家里。

7. “should+have+过去分词”用于第一人称。/“would+have+过去分词”用于第二、三人称。

If father hadn't sent me,I shouldn't have come.如果不是父亲派我来,我是不会来的。

You wouldn't have seen her if it hadn't been for him.如果不是他,你就不会见到她。

二、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法

1. 表示祝愿,谓语动词用原形。

God bless you!上帝保佑你!

2. 表示命令,谓语动词也用原形。

So be it then.就那样吧。

3. 用于以if only起首的简单句。表示“但愿,要是…多好”,表示现在,用动词过去式；表示过去,用“had+过去分词”；表示将来,则用“would+动词原形”。

If only he were here.如他在这儿就好了。

If only she could marry me!她要是能嫁给我就好了。

If only somebody had told us,we could have warned you.如果有人告诉了我们,我们就会让你提防的。

If only I had gone by taxi.假若我是乘计程车去的就好了。

If only the rain would stop!要是雨能停那该多好啊!

三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法

1. 在“It is/was+形容词或过去分词+that从句”结构的主语从句中,表示命令、愿望、建议等,谓语动词为“should+动词原形”,should也可省略。

It is necessary that a college student (should) master a foreign language.作为一名大学生掌握一门外语是必要的。

It is desired that this rule (should) be brought to the attention of the staff. 请把这条规定提请办事人员注意。

It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till Sunday.已决定会议推迟到星期日。

2. 在动词wish后的宾语从句中表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或表达对于将来的主观愿望。

表示与现在事实相反,从句中动词用过去式。

表示与过去事实相反,从句中动词用“had+过去分词”。

表示对于将来的主观愿望,从句中动词用“would/might+动词原形”。

I wish I knew his address.我真希望知道他的地址。

How I wish I was there with you.我要是也在那儿和你们在一起就好了。

I wish I could fly.我希望会飞。

I wish you had called on me yesterday.你昨天来看我就好了。

I wish I hadn't lost the chance.我要是没有失去那个机会就好了。

I wish that I had never met him.我希望从来没见过他。

Tom wish you would wait a little longer.汤姆希望你再等一会儿。

I wish he might go with us to the theatre.我希望他可以和我们一起去看戏。

3. 在would rather,would sooner等后面的从句中动词要用虚拟语气。尚未发生的动作用动词的过去式,已经发生的动作用“had+过去分词”。

I would sooner he left on the earlier train.我宁愿他乘前一班火车走。

I'd rather you went tomorrow.我倒宁愿你明天去。

He'd rather that it hadn't been.他宁愿没有发生过这样的事。

I'd rather you hadn't done that.我希望你没做这事。

4. 在与suggestion,advice,motion,proposal,order,command,desire,request,plan,idea等连用的表语从句中,谓语用“should+动词原形”, should也可省略。

Our only request is that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。

His advice is that English (should) be learned well for us.他的建议是我们要把英语学好。

My idea is that the plan (should) be revised further.我的意见是这项计划应进一步修改。

My plan is that we (should) finish the work earlier.我的计划是尽早完成这项工作。

My proposal is that we (should) send a few comrades to help the other groups.我的建议是我们派几个同志去帮别的小组。

The decision he made is that nothing (should) hold him back.他下定了决心,没有什么能阻止他这样做。

5. 在与suggestion,advice,motion,proposal,order,command,desire,request,plan,idea等连用的同位语从句中, 谓语用“should+动词原形”, should也可省略。

He made the suggestion that the political prisoners (should) be set free.他提议释放政治犯。

He made a request that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting.他要求在会上谈论这个问题。

The doctor's advice that she (should) lie in bed must be observed.大夫要她卧床休息的意见是要遵守的。

She made repeated requests that I (should) help him.她再三恳求我帮他的忙。

The idea that babies (should) be fat was exploded years ago.认为婴儿应该胖的观点多年前就被证明是错误的。

He gave order that they (should) complete the task.他下达命令要他们完成这项任务。

The general issued a command that all of them (should) come at six o'clock.将军颁布了一道命令,所有的人都要在6点钟到。

四、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况时,从句谓语动词用过去式(be动词用were),主句谓语动词用“would/should+动词原形”或“could/might+动词原形”。

If I were you,I would refuse the money.假如我是你的话,我就不会要那钱。

If it weren't raining,I would go out.如果现在不下雨,我们就出去了。

If I knew the answer,I would tell him.如果我知道答案,我就会告诉他。

If I didn't write them down, I should probably forget all about them.如果我不把它们写下来,就可能忘得一干二净。

2. 表示与过去事实相反的情况时,从句谓语动词用“had+动词过去分词”,主句谓语动词用“would/should have+过去分词”或“could/might have+过去分词”。

If we had found him earlier,we might have solved the problem easily.如果我们早点找到他,也许能更容易地解决这个问题。

If I hadn't been so busy,I would have taken part in the party.要不是忙我就来参加聚会了。

If I had left a little earlier,I would have caught the train.我要是早一点动身,就赶上火车了。

3. 表示与将来事实相反的情况时,从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”,主句谓语动词用“should/would+动词原形”或“could/might+动词原形”。

If he were to come,what should we do?假如他来了,我们该怎么办呢?

Tom might come back if he were to miss the plane tomorrow.万一汤姆明天赶不上飞机,他可能会回来。

We wouldn't lose courage even if we should fail again.即使再次失败我们也不会泄气。

4. 在错综时间虚拟条件句(即主句和从句所指的时间不一致)中动词的形式需要根据表示的时间来调整。

If I had spoken to him yesterday,I should know what to do now.假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)

5. 如果条件从句的谓语中有were,had或should等词,可将if省略,而把这几个词放在句首,构成倒装,表示虚拟语气,其意义与带有if的条件从句相同。

If I were to do the work,I should do it some other way.→Were I to do the work,I should do it some other way.要是我做这项工作,我就用另外的方法。

If Jack had recognized his teacher,he would have run.→Had Jack recognized his teacher,he would have run.如果杰克认出了老师,他早就跑了。

If he should come,tell him to wait for me a minute.→Should he come,tell him to wait for me a minute.他要是来了,让他等我一下。

五、虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法

1. 在由as if或as though所引导的方式状语中,虚拟语气的形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had+过去分词”。

She is walking slowly as if she were tired.她走得很慢,就像是累了似的。

You look as if you were not happy.你看起来好像不高兴。

He behaved as if nothing had happened.他看起来似乎什么事情都没有发生。

He took to French as though it had been his native language.他觉得法语就像母语一样容易学。

2. 在以lest,for fear that,in case等所引导的从句中,虚拟语气的形式为“should+动词原形”。

I ran as fast as possible lest I should be too late.我尽量快跑,免得迟到。

Be careful lest you should fall from the tree.小心,不要从树上掉下来。

He ran away for fear that he should be caught by the police.他跑了,怕被警察抓住。

Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.带把伞吧,以防下雨。

3. 在以in order that,so that或that引导的目的状语从句中,虚拟语气的形式为“may/might/could+动词原形”。

In order that everybody may understand it,write it in simple language.为了使人人能看得懂,请用简单明了的文字写出来。

He shouted at the top of his voice,in order that he might be heard.他提高嗓门叫喊,以便使别人能听到他讲话。

They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time.他们早出发半小时,以便及时到达那里。

He piped so that we could dance.他吹笛子伴奏好让我们跳舞。

We set off at dawn so that we could get to the coast before lunch time.我们黎明时分出发,这样便能在午饭前到达海边。

The teacher spoke slowly in order that the student could/might hear clearly.老师讲得很慢,好让学生们听清楚。