高考英语语法：现在分词

现在分词

一、现在分词的句法作用

1. 作定语。作定语用的现在分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是短语,则放在被修饰词的后面,作后置定语。

John is an attacking boxer.约翰是一个攻击型的拳击手。

All the people eating in the restaurant were tourists.所有正在这个餐馆吃饭的人都是旅游者。

2. 作表语。

现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。

有些作定语和表语的现在分词实际上已经被看作形容词。

This film is more exciting than any that I've ever seen.这部影片是我所看过的电影中最令人激动的。

The situation is encouraging.形势令人鼓舞。

This text is very puzzling.这篇文章很深奥。

I don't find his jokes very amusing.我不觉得他的笑话有什么可笑的。

3. 在表示使役的动词后作宾语补足语。这样的动词有keep,get,have,set,start等。

John kept me waiting for a long time.约翰让我等了好久。

It was up to me to get the four of us moving.该由我来使我们这4个人行动起来。

He soon had them all laughing.他很快让大家发笑了。

His words set us thinking.他的话使我们思索起来。

He tried to start the engine running.他设法启动了发动机。

4. 现在分词作宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时,分词就变成了主语补足语。

He was seen going out.有人看见他出去了。

She was heard singing all the time.人们听到她一直在唱。

5. 作时间状语。

Crossing the road,he was run over by a car.他在穿过马路时,被一辆轿车从身上碾过。

6. 作原因状语。

Being sick I went to see a doctor.我因病去看医生。

Not knowing English,he couldn't understand the film.由于不懂英语,他看不懂这部影片。

7. 作条件状语。

Working hard,you will do well in your exams.你如果努力学习,就会在考试中取得好成绩。

Thinking hard,you will find a good way.仔细想想,你就会找到一个好办法。

Turning to the left,you will see the post office.向左一转,你就会看见邮局。

8. 作结果状语。

The child fell,striking his head against the door and cutting it.那孩子跌倒了,头碰在门上碰破了。

His parents died in the war,leaving him an orphan.他的父母在战争中死亡,以致他成了孤儿。

9. 作让步状语。

Knowing all this,they asked us to finish the task in ten days.他们尽管了解这一切,还是要我们在10天之内完成任务。

Weighing almost one hundred jin,the box was lifted by him with one hand.那箱子将近100斤重,但还是被他用一只手拎起来了。

10. 作方式状语或伴随状语。

He died a glorious death fighting the bandits for us.他为了我们与匪徒搏斗而光荣牺牲了。

He sat in the armchair,reading the newspaper.他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。

Tom lied on the ground,seeing the space.汤姆躺在地上看着天空。

二、现在分词和动名词的区别

1. 动名词作定语时要放在被修饰词之前,动名词通常表示目的或用途；现在分词作定语时,单个的分词放在被修饰词之前,分词短语要放在被修饰词之后。现在分词作定语时与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,而动名词则没有。例如：

He may be in the reading room.他可能在阅览室里。

The crying child disturbed his parents.哭闹的孩子使父母心烦意乱。

The girl standing there is my classmate.站在那边的那个女孩是我的同学。

2. 动名词作表语时,相当于名词。由于名词作表语时可以和主语互换位置,意思和语法上都保持正确,故可用这种方法检验,另外,动名词作表语时可带宾语、状语；现在分词作表语时起形容词作用,不可与主语互换位置,也不可带宾语。

例如：

Her job was washing clothes.她的工作是洗衣服。

The story is very interesting.这个故事很有趣。

三、现在分词与不定式的区别

     现在分词是动词的另一种非限定形式,它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征,可以带宾语或受状语修饰。现在分词和宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。

1. 现在分词作表语时,相当于一个形容词,不可与主语互换位置,也不可带宾语；不定式作表语时,相当于一个名词,作表语时可以和主语互换位置。

例如：

Her proposal was misleading.她的建议有些误导。

The music is much pleasing to the ear.音乐优美悦耳。

The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required.下一步你要真正弄清楚需要的是什么。

The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspaper.邮递员的任务就是投递信与报纸。

2. 现在分词和不带to的不定式都可以用在感官动词后作宾语补足语。通常现在分词表示重复性的动作,表示动作正在进行,还没有结束；不带to的不定式表示某一次的动作,表示动作的全部过程。

例如：

I saw him enter the building just now.我看见他刚才进了大楼。

Every morning I saw him selling newspaper at the bus-stop.每天早上我看见他在公共汽车站卖报纸。

We hear the door open.我们听到门开了。

I often hear her singing.我常听见她在唱歌。

3. 现在分词和不定式都可以作定语。单个现在分词放在被修饰词之前,现在分词短语放在被修饰词之后；不定式要放在被修饰词之后。

例如：

He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。

We saw the sun rising behind the hills.我们看见太阳从山后出来了。

It was a game to remember.那是一场令人难忘的比赛。

4. 从时间上讲,现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作；不定式作定语表示将来的动作。

例如：

The building being built is a college.正在建造的大楼是一所大学。

The building to be built is a college.将要建造的大楼是一所大学。

5. 现在分词和不定式都可以作状语。现在分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式和伴随状态,但不能用在表语形容词后作状语；不定式常用来表示目的、结果和原因,还可用在表语形容词后。

例如：

Football is very interesting to watch.踢足球看起来很有意思。