高考英语语法：主谓一致

谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这被称为主谓一致。但是如果主语不是单一的，或主语名词的数比较特殊时，其主谓一致一般要根据语法一致遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近原则。

一、语法一致原则

一般来说，语法形式是单数的主语，谓语动词用单数形式；语法形式是复数的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。

The number of errors was surprising. 错误之多是惊人的。

They often play football on the playground.  他们经常在操场上踢足球。

二、意义一致原则

主、谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形态来决定，而是取决于主语所表达的内在含义。主语形式虽为单数，但在意义上却为复数，谓语动词应采用复数形式；主语形式虽为复数，但在意义上视为单数，谓语动词应采用单数形式。

The crowd were fighting for their lives. 这些人正为生存而战斗。

Three years in a strange land seems like a long time. 在异乡生活的三年，仿佛是很长的时间。

(一)谓语动词为单数的情况

1．由and 连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现。

The worker and writer is from Wuhan. 那个工人兼作家来自武汉。

比较：The worker and the writer are from Beijing. 那位工人和那位作家来自北京。

Bread and butter is a daily food in the West.  黄油面包是西方的日常饮食。

2．every...and (every)．..，each...and (each)．.., no...and (no)．.., many a．..and (many a)．..连接两个单数名词作主语。

Every desk and every chair is made of wood. 桌子和椅子都是木头做的。

Many a student has been to Shanghai.  许多学生到过上海。

3．one / every one / each / either / the number＋of ＋复数名词作主语。

Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。

Every man and every woman is at work.  每个男人和女人都在工作。

4．clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage 等无生命的集合名词作主语。

Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area.  洪水灾区急需衣物。

5．以“s”结尾的词，但表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称作主语。

6．表示时间、距离、金钱、等复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时。

Twenty years has passed since he left his hometown.  他离开家乡已经二十年了。

7．由any－， some－， no－和－one, －thing, －body等所构成的不定代词作主语。

8．非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语。

Collecting stamps is what he likes. 他很喜欢集邮。

9．单数名词、抽象名词、物质名词作主语。

(二)谓语动词为复数的情况

1．由and 连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念。

Both bread and butter are sold out. 面包和黄油都已卖完了。

2．people, police, cattle 等有生命的集体名词作主语。

The police are looking for the missing child. 警察正在寻找失踪的孩子。

3．goods, stairs, arms 等名词作主语。

4．由山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等“s”结尾的专有名词作主语。

The Olympic Games are held once every four years. 奥运会每四年举办一次。

5．a number of  / quantities of / a group of ＋名词作主语。

(三)谓语动词单、复数视情况而定

1．class, family, army, team, club, population, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, public, government等集体名词作主语。强调整体用单数，指各个成员用复数。

His family is a great one. / His family are music lovers. 他有个大家庭。/ 他的家人都喜欢音乐。

2．means (方法), works (工厂), pains (辛苦), series (系列), species (物种)等词，根据主语表达的概念而定。

Not every means is useful. / Not all means are useful. 并非每种方法都有效。/并非所有的方法都有效。

3．all, none, some, any 等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。

All are present. / All the food tastes good. 所有人都在场。/这些东西尝起来都很好。

4．“half / most / enough / part / the rest / the last / lots / plenty /分数/ 百分数 ＋ of ＋ 名词”作主语， 谓语动词要和of之后的名词的单复数保持一致。

Half of the students have finished their composition. / Half of the apple is bad. 一半学生完成了作文。/这苹果一半都坏了。

三、就近原则

谓语动词根据和它最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数的形式来决定其自身的数的形式。

1．由or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常和靠近的作主语的名词单复数上保持一致。

Not only he but also I am invited. 我和他都受邀请了。

Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it. 学生和老师都对此一无所知。

但注意“with / along with / together with / including / but / except / like / among / as well as  / no more than / besides / rather than ＋名词”置于主语后，谓语和前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。

The teacher with a number of students is in the classroom. 学生们和一位老师在教室呢。

2．在由there或here引起的句子及倒装句中。

There is a pen and two books on the desk. 桌子上有一支笔和两本书。

There are two books, some paper and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有两本书，一些纸和一支钢笔。

四、其他注意事项

肯定与否定一致：下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时须作相应的变化。

We've had some (money). → We haven't had any (money)．

I was talking to someone. → I wasn't talking to anyone.

They sometimes visit us. → They rarely (never, seldom) visit us.

He has arrived already. → He hasn't arrived yet.

Li is coming too.→ Li isn't coming either.

Both of us are going. → Neither of us are going.

He likes both of them. → He doesn't like either of them.

so / neither＋助动词＋名词/代词结构中须用倒装语序。

My wife likes classical music very much and so do I.

She doesn't like jazz and neither do I.

分析近五年来的高考题可以发现，高考对主谓一致的考查几乎每年都有所涉及，但题量不大，其因为是这项语法用法比较固定、单纯，要理清主谓一致的“三大原则”，记住这些用法就能很好地把这项语法学会；当然高考命题多以特殊点为切入点，要注意三大原则里边的一些变化。尤其注意：主语从句作主语时谓语的确定；主语＋as well as, with, together with, along with, rather than, but, except, besides等词时的主谓一致；定语从句中谓语动词的数与定语从句所修饰的名词或代词的数保持一致。