高考英语语法：独立主格结构

独立主格结构由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。

一、独立主格结构的七种形式

1. 名词（代词）+现在分词

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 

2. 名词（代词）+过去分词

The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。

More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 

3. 名词（代词）+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。  

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 

4. 名词（代词）+介词短语

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 

A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 

5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 

6. There being +名词（代词）

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 

7. It being +名词（代词）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 

注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如： 

Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。

He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 

He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 

She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 

He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 

I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。

二、使用独立主格结构的五点注意

1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换

当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：

After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。

2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形

在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。如：

(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：

It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。

(2) 在There being＋名词的结构中。如：

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。

3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词

在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： 

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。

比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.

4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。

比较动名词复合结构。如：

The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.

5. 独立主格的进态问题

独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：

The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。