高中英语语法：主谓一致

在英语句子中，主语和谓语动词必修在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。主谓一致大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、意义一致和就近一致原则。

一、语法一致原则

语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

His father is working on the farm.

To study English well is not easy.

What he said is very important for us all.

The children were in the classroom two hours ago.

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：

What I bought were three English books.

What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：

Lucy and Lily are twins.

She and I are classmates.

The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.

Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come. ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

Every student and every teacher was in the room.

No boy and no girl likes it.

3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：

Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.

Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.

She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：

Each of us has a new book.

Everything around us is matter.

注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有"of+复数名词（或代词）"作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.

5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：

He is one of my friends who are working hard.

He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：

Class Four is on the third floor.

Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.

7、由"a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词"构成的短语以及由"分数或百分数+名词"构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：

There are a lot of people in the classroom.

The rest of the lecture is wonderful.

50% of the students in our class are girls.

注意：a number of"许多"，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of"…的数量"，主语是number，谓语用单数。

8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：

There comes the bus.

On the wall are many pictures.

Such is the result.

Such are the facts.

二、意义一致原则

即谓语动词的单复数形式不是根据语法形式，而是根据主语的内在涵义（即有时主语的单数形式表达的是复数涵义，反之亦然）确定的。

1. 有些集体名词，如：family, group, army, government, audience 等表示整体概念时，应看作单数，它们作主语时其谓语也用单数形式；但若表示组成整体的各个成员时，其谓语则应用复数形式。例如：

Our family lives in the town. （整体）

My family like watching TV. （整体的组成部分）

2. 有些集体名词，如：people （人们），police, cattle, personnel （全体人员），militia （民兵），及以 -ch, -sh, -ese 结尾的表示“……国人”的词作主语时，谓语应该用复数形式。例如：

The police are after a murderer.

The Chinese（people）are kind and friendly.

注意：people 作“民族”解时，其单数形式为 people ，复数形式为 peoples 。当它作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应视情况而定。例如：

The Chinese people is a great people.

56 people make up the big family of China.

3. 由两个部分组成一个整体的物品名词（如：shoes, glasses, boots, socks 等）作主语时，谓语要用复数形式。例如：

The shoes are not expensive.

His football socks are broken.

注意：表示物品的名词用量词表示具体数量时，其谓语形式应与量词的数保持一致。例如：

That pair of trousers was sold out, but these kinds of trousers are still on the counter.

4. 复数名词或短语表示时间、距离、长度、价格、数字、度、量、衡，以及国名、山脉、群岛、瀑布、书名、剧名、单位或报刊名称等的复数名词作主语，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：

Ten years is a moment in history.

The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.

The United States is the only superpower in the world now.

5. “分数（百分数）＋ of ＋名词”以及“ all （ most, some, any, half, a lot, the rest ） +of ＋名词”作主语时， of 后的名词是单数，谓语用单数形式；若 of 后的名词是复数，谓语就用复数形式。例如：

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is water.

Ten percent of the apples are bad.

All of the work has been done.

6. the 与某些形容词搭配表示一类人时，如：the dead, the blind, the old, the rich, the wounded 等，谓语用复数形式。例如：

The old are taken good care of.

The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer in some countries.

但是 the 与某些抽象名词或形容词搭配表示抽象概念时，如：the gold, the difficulty, the unknown, the love, the beautiful, the impossible, the unusual，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：

The love lives forever.

The unusual is what he likes.

7. 以 -s, -es, -ics 结尾表示学科、疾病、游戏等名词以及 means, works （工厂），news 等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。例如：

Mathematics is difficult to study.

Diabetes （糖尿病） is a very serious disease.

8. 关系代词 who, that, which 引导的定语从句，谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词的数保持一致。例如：

I, who am your new teacher, will teach you chemistry.

Is this the book that was bought yesterday? （比较：Are these the books that were bought yesterday? ）

9. 疑问代词 what, which, who 作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式应依据说话人的意图而定。例如：

Which has been chosen? （比较：Which have been chosen? ）

Who lives in the room? （比较：Who live in the room? ）

10. “ a （the, this, that） kind / sort / type of ＋名词”作主语，谓语用单数形式。但若是“ these （those, all, many, some） kinds （有时用 kind ） of ＋名词”作主语，谓语应用复数形式。例如：

This kind of book is sold in that shop.

Many kinds of shoes are sold in that shop.

注意：“名词＋ of ＋ a （the, this, that, these, those, all, some, many 等）＋ kind （s）”结构作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式则与名词的数一致。例如：

Book of this kind is sold in that shop.

Apples of these kinds are sour.

11.“ a + 单数名词 +and a half ”和“one and a half+ 复数名词”作主语，谓语用单数形式。例如：

 One and a half pears has been left on the table.

三、就近一致原则

这一原则是指如果句子中有两个或两个以上的主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据靠近它的主语的单复数来确定。主要有以下两种情况：

1. or, either … or …, neither … nor …, not only … but also …, not … but …等连接并列主语时。例如：

Not his parents but he doesn't want to go.

Neither you nor I am a stranger here.

但是在疑问句中，谓语动词的单复数形式则应根据两个并列名词中的前一个名词的单数来确定。例如：

Do his parents or he want to go?

Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret?

2. There be ＋多个名词作主语，谓语动词常与最靠近 be 的名词的单复数一致。例如：

There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate.

There are three students, two strangers and our headmaster talking together.

常见的结构有：share （in）sth. （分享、分担），share （in）sth. with sb. （和某人分享、分担）。share 后可跟表示具体概念的名词，也可跟表示抽象概念的名词，如 hope, interest, belief, faith 等。例如：

Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare. You must learn to share.