高中英语语法：定语从句

三、关系副词引导的定语从句

1．when  指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。

The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。

October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。

Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？

2．where  指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

Shanghai is the city where I was born.  上海是我出生的城市。

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.  我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。

I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .  我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。

Is this the place where they fought the enemy?  这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？

3．why  指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.  请告诉我你误机的原因。

The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.  他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。

I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.  我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。

注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：

From the years when/in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。

Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。

The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。

四、限制性和非限制性定语从句

1. 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：

This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）

2. 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

4. 限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况

1) 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：

Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?  李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？

There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.  对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。

2) 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.  在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。

3) 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：

This is the best film that I have ever seen.  这是我看过的最好的电影。

4) 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.  这正是我要买的词典。

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.  家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.  王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。

5) 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：

Who is the man that is standing by the gate?  站在门口的那个人是谁？

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?  哪件T恤衫最合我的身？

6) 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school  他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。

Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.　瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。

五、as, which 非限定性定语从句 

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：

As we know, smoking is harmful to one’ s health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。

as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one’ s health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。(as作know的宾语)

As is known, smoking is harmful to one’ s health. (as作从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。)

六、关系代词与关系副词的选择

用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的句子成分）。试比较：

A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。

I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。

B. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远忘不了我们一起工作的日子。

I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。

C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。

This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。